National Monitoring Programme in Sweden. The purpose is to quantify deposition (mainly of sulphur and nitrogen), and to illustrate effects in the soil, for example possible acidification. The aim of the network is to describe the current situation, regional differences, trends over time, and the effects of acid deposition. The atmospheric deposition of sulphur and nitrogen are the main causes of current acidification of ecosystems. Acidification results in substantial pH reduction in soil, groundwater, lakes and water courses. Deposition is investigated as precipitation studies in open field areas (bulk precipitation) and by throughfall studies in nearby forest stands. For sulphur and chloride, throughfall monitoring is useful for determination of total deposition. In areas, or during periods with low sulphur deposition, internal circulation in vegetation might influence results from throughfall measurements significantly. For nitrogen and base cations (mainly potassium and manganese) canopy interaction is important. Air concentrations of sulphur and nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, and ozone are measured at some locations. The observations made are: (i) air chemistry (SO2, NO2, NH3, O3); (ii) soil water chemistry (pH, Alk, SO4-S, Cl, NO3-N, NH4-N, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Mn, Fe, ooAl, oAl, Al-tot, total organic carbon); (iii) deposition in open field (precipitation, H+, SO4-S, Cl, NO3-N, NH4-N, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Mn); (iv) deposition in forest (throughfall, H+, SO4-S, Cl, NO3-N, NH4-N, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Mn). For nitrogen and base cations (mainly potassium and manganese) canopy interaction is important. Soil solution chemistry in the forest stands is used as indicator of soil conditions.
Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL) Box 530 21, 400 14 Göteborg Sweden
Salar Valinia, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency S-106 48 Stockholm, Phone: +46106981465, E-mail: salar.valinia@naturvardsverket.se
Tove Lundeberg (AMAP representative) Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Phone: +46106981611, E-mail: tove.lundeberg@naturvardsverket.se
acidity, alkalinity,condictivity, eutrophication, Air Chemistry (SO2, NO2, NH3, O3), Soil Water Chemistry (pH, Alk, SO4-S, Cl, NO3-N, NH4-N, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Mn, Fe, ooAl, oAl, Al-tot, TOC), Deposition open field (Precipitation, H+, SO4-S, Cl, NO3-N, NH4-N, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Mn), Deposition in forest (Throughfall, H+, SO4-S, Cl, NO3-N, NH4-N, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Mn).
This Throughfall Monitoring Network covers more than 60 locations from southern to northern Sweden. Of these 16 locations are in northern Sweden, of which 5 stations are located within AMAP area.
The data are available on IVL Throughfall Monitoring Network website in excel files and pivots tables: http://www.krondroppsnatet.ivl.se/2.2f3a7b311a7c8064438000623414.html (In swedish only).
And at the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute website: (https://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/miljo/luftmiljodata)
For further information contact the Throughfall Monitoring Network in Sweden, The Swedish Environmental Research Institute Contact person is Gunilla Pihl-Karlsson, E-mail: gunilla.pihl.karlsson@ivl.se
Swedish Environmental Research Institute's (IVL) Throughfall Monitoring Network website:(http://www.krondroppsnatet.ivl.se/toppmeny/rapporter.4.2f3a7b311a7c8064438000824537.html) and (http://www.krondroppsnatet.ivl.se/toppmeny/rapporter/allarapporter.4.7e136029152c7d48c202f79.html )
Publications are also available on Swedish EPA DiVA portal: (http://naturvardsverket.diva-portal.org/smash/search.jsf?dswid=9138)
Methods have been the same throughout the period, and are now part of standard methods for this kind of monitoring programmes within the EC. Measurements according to ICP Forest, analyse methods according to EMEPs/ICP Forest recommendations
Swedish EPA. The list of purchased bodies is on the IVL link : http://www.krondroppsnatet.ivl.se/innehall/krondroppsnatet.4.2f3a7b311a7c8064438000623553.html
Fifty Swedish locations are included in an European network for throughfall monitoring, from which data is reported to the EC (FIMCI in the Netherlands),
Deposition measurements are mainly made in forest injury observation plots laid out by the Swedish Forestry Agency (SST). The difference between throughfall measurements and bulk deposition from open field areas represent the amount of dry deposition.